![]() ![]() Bleeding, infection, and the removal of either too much or too little foreskin are the most common acute complications, while meatal stenosis is the most common long-term. Complication rates increase significantly with age. Neonatal circumcision decreases the risk of penile cancer. This includes reducing the incidence of cancer-causing forms of human papillomavirus (HPV) and significantly reducing HIV transmission among heterosexual men in high-risk populations its prophylactic efficacy against HIV transmission in the developed world or among men who have sex with men is debated. The procedure is associated with reduced rates of sexually transmitted infections and urinary tract infections. The procedure is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health. ![]() It is also an option for cases of phimosis, other pathologies that do not resolve with other treatments, and chronic urinary tract infections (UTIs). Circumcision is generally electively performed, most commonly done as a form of preventive healthcare, as a religious obligation, or as a cultural practice. Topical or locally injected anesthesia is generally used to reduce pain and physiologic stress. In the most common form of the operation, the foreskin is extended with forceps, then a circumcision device may be placed, after which the foreskin is excised. Circumcision is a procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis. ![]()
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